Plaukai, siūliniai, dažnai pigmentuoti, išauga iš odos, randami tik žinduoliams ir dažnai dideliame gijų tankyje ploto vienete. Šios siūliškos skaidulos išsikiša iš išorinio odos sluoksnio – epidermio – ir išauga iš plaukų folikulų vidinėje odos dalyje – dermoje. Kiekvieną skaidulą sudaro negyvos ląstelės, kurių pagrindinis komponentas yra ilgos aminorūgščių grandinės (polimerai), sudarančios baltymą keratiną. Keratinizuotos ląstelės atsiranda dėl ląstelių dalijimosi plauko matricoje prie plauko folikulo pagrindo ir yra sandariai suspaustos. Keratinai taip pat yra pagrindinė žinduolių nagų, plunksnų, kanopų, raginių audinių ir dantų emalio ląstelių dalis.
Žmonių plaukai su savo spalvų, tekstūrų, formų, ilgio, tankumo ir kitų savybių įvairove prideda individualumo ir suteikia estetinės kokybės, kurią kiti gali pamatyti ir įvertinti.
Nežmonių rūšių plaukai paprastai vadinami kailiu, kai jų tankis yra nepakankamas. Kailio veiksmingumas reguliuojant temperatūrą akivaizdus, kai jis naudojamas tokiems žinduoliams kaip baltieji lokiai, o suvokiamas jo grožis – ne tik istorinis jo naudojimas kailiniams, bet ir augintinių priežiūros populiarumas. Taip pat yra veislių kačių, šunų ir pelių, kurios turi mažai matomo kailio arba jo visai nėra.
Nors daugelis kitų gyvybės formų, ypač vabzdžių, turi siūlines ataugas, pagal priimtą termino reikšmę jie nelaikomi „plaukais“. Iškyšos ant nariuotakojų, tokių kaip vabzdžiai ir vorai, iš tikrųjų yra vabzdžių šeriai, o ne plaukai. Augalai taip pat turi „plaukuotiškas“ iškyšas.
Galvos plaukai yra tam tikros rūšies plaukai, auginami ant galvos (kartais turint omenyje tiesiai į galvos odą). Tai labiausiai pastebimas iš visų žmonių plaukų, kurie gali augti ilgiau nei daugumos žinduolių ir yra tankesni už daugumą kitų kūno vietų. Vidutinė žmogaus galva (vidutinis galvos odos dydis yra maždaug 120 kvadratinių colių arba 770 cm²) turi apie 100 000 plaukų folikulų (Gray 2003). Kiekviename folikule per žmogaus gyvenimą gali išaugti apie 20 atskirų plaukų (Apie 2007). Vidutinis plaukų slinkimas yra apie 100 sruogų per dieną. Galvos plaukų nebuvimas vadinamas alopecija, paprastai žinomas kaip nuplikimas.
Antropologai spėja, kad funkcinė ilgų galvos plaukų reikšmė gali būti puošmena. Ilgi blizgūs plaukai gali būti matomas sveiko žmogaus ženklas. Tinkamai maitinantis, iki juosmens – maždaug 1 metro arba 39 colių ilgio – plaukai užaugtų maždaug 48 mėnesius arba maždaug 4 metus.
Plaukų tankis yra susijęs ir su rase, ir su plaukų spalva. Kaukaziečių plaukų tankis yra didžiausias, jų augimo greitis yra vidutinis, o azijiečių plaukai yra mažiausiai tankūs, bet greičiausiai auga, o afrikiečiai – vidutinio tankio ir lėčiausiai auga.
Ogo 😳
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